Archive for the ‘ Sociology ’ Category

Is it real, or is it reified?

November 17th, 2010

We talked about the difference between imaginary things and imaginal things a few days ago, and how important our imaginal capacities are. I’d say today that the difference between the two is that imaginal things are those that we create intentionally, whereas imaginary things (such as Easter Bunnies and optical illusions) are those that we don’t consciously choose. For me, imaginal things have intentionality behind them; they have a purpose.

Imaginal things are central to our lives, though we aren’t totally aware of them. And I would say that becoming educated or enlightened is nearly always a process of identifying what is imaginary, what is imaginal, and what is real. Though each tradition takes its own path toward enlightenment, science, philosophy, and spirituality treat the identification of reality as a central activity.

This activity is also central to sociology, which is the study of how groups, cultures, and societies form, create rules and cohesion, and (sometimes) disband. I had the great fortune to study sociology and the social sciences, and it was fascinating to use the tools of sociology to unmask the social “realities” we all take for granted.

Sociology teaches us that we create social reality through reification, or the communal process by which we make things real. For instance, a boundary between residential properties does not exist in the real world. This bit of grass on my side of our shared property line is no different than the bit of grass on your side. There is no actual, physical line of demarcation that exists between our two properties.

Photo of people trespassingWe reify this boundary together — not only through the information we got from the assessor’s office, but through continual dedication to the maintenance of this socially-created boundary. I don’t nose my car across your side of the imaginary line, and you don’t let your dog walk on my side of the imaginary line. We treat this non-thing as if it is a real thing, and so does the city, the mortgage company, the police department, the fire department, the utility companies, the postal service … everyone joins us in communally reifying this totally imaginary boundary. And so it becomes socially real. It achieves real-world meaning and real-world consequences because we all agree that it does. However, the boundary between our properties is imaginal. It only exists because we say it does.

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Is it a feeling or is it an emotion?

August 19th, 2010

I know I’m supposed to be posting about hatred right now, but there’s a distinction that needs to be established before we can really go into any depth with a big, meaty, potentially dangerous emotion like hatred.

Photo of cat hating the water

I call hatred one of the “raging rapids” emotions, because if you don’t know what hatred is about or how to work with it, you can easily get caught up in its rapids, pulled under, and dashed against the rocks!

The trick in dealing with big, powerful, or troubling emotional states is to understand that there should be cognitively moderated pauses between having an emotion, feeling it, and expressing it. With hatred, those cognitive pauses need to be looooooong because you can really hurt yourself and other people if you’re unskilled with your hatred — or if you don’t even know that you’re feeling hatred in the first place.

But before those cognitive pauses can occur, you have to understand the difference between an emotion and a feeling.

Emotions, feelings, and the difference between them

Someone asked me about the difference between an emotion and a feeling last month, and my answer was that emotion is a noun, and feeling is a verb. I didn’t really understand why the distinction was important, but I’ve been thinking about it a great deal. I really wondered what the confusion was about — I mean, you have an emotion, you feel it, it’s identified, bing. Right? Then, because you know what emotion it is, you know exactly how to work with it. Right? Why, it’s so simple, a child could … oh. Thud.

I realize that it’s not so simple for most people.

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Happy World Autism Awareness Day!

April 2nd, 2010

The United Nations has declared today World Autism Awareness Day. Excellent!

Poster for World Autism Day

I had the opportunity to work with a group of young adults on the Autism Spectrum, and in order to get ready, I read everything I could get my hands on. Autism has been described as a form of “mind blindness” by British psychopathology professor and researcher Simon Baron-Cohen … as a lack of function in the mirror neurons that help us empathize with each other. I thought, huh, will I be meeting people who are on the other end of the spectrum from me?

As it turns out, autism isn’t that simple, and I didn’t find complete mind blindness in my Spectrum friends. Rather, what I saw was a group of people who were dealing with incredible sensory stimulation, both from the outside world, and from their own brains. This often created a great deal of emotional turmoil, as you can imagine, but because there were so many communication and socialization deficits, it was hard for my friends to deal with their often intense emotions. Some would completely withdraw, some would engage in “stimming,” which is a repetitive action that brings them some sense of peace and control, and others would lash out. It is not a fun condition to have!

It is also not a concrete condition, which is why it is referred to as a spectrum disorder. There are many possible versions of it, and each person on the Autism Spectrum is an individual, just as we (who are called neurotypicals) are. I love the term neurotypical. It makes us sound boring, which we often are!

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Are men less able to feel emotions?

March 24th, 2010

The short answer is, no, men are not less able to feel emotions. Men may even feel emotions more intensely than women do, because they’ve been socialized to view themselves as unemotional, and may feel that their emotions are somehow strange or out of place. Also, in general, men are not socially permitted to express emotions or chat with friends about them as women are able to do, which leaves them few outlets for their emotions. In our social training and our social myth-making, we’ve created a pretty rotten situation for most men!

Wow, I’m reading the book Pink Brain, Blue Brain by neuroscience professor Lise Eliot, Ph.D., and in it, she writes that the differences between the brains of males and females are actually quite small at birth and throughout childhood. The old saw about men being less emotional or less able to feel emotions is not true. The old saw about men having smaller corpus callosums than women (the corpus callosum carries information between the left and right hemispheres of the brain), Dr. Eliot shows, was based on a study of just 14 brains, and has since been disconfirmed. But people hold onto this falsehood, and repeat it constantly, and write books and make whole careers around it, while men suffer silently with the emotions they clearly feel, but aren’t allowed to understand.

Cover for Pink Brain, Blue Brain

Dr. Eliot notes that there is some difference in verbal ability (girls are sometimes more verbal, but not always), and some difference in activity level (boys are sometimes more active, but not always) but not so much as we’ve been led to believe. In fact, there is more difference between girls in these traits, and between boys in these traits, than there is between the sexes. Wow.

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Five Year Overnight Success!

March 17th, 2010

I just found out that a sociological study I co-authored with Janja Lalich, Ph.D. (see her books here) has been accepted for publication by a peer-reviewed journal. Yow! It’s so exciting!

It’s a study of the lives of gay, lesbian, and questioning ex-Jehovah’s Witnesses. When Janja first told me about the study, I laughed and thought, “Why not do a study on green-eyed male writers from the north-side of Chicago who don’t drink coffee?” The group seemed ludicrously specific, and I wondered what I could ever learn from studying them.

But as I delved into the life stories of these people, and coded and re-read their stories (nearly 700 times before I was finished), I realized that this group presented a pitch-perfect example of triple stigma — which is something that the great sociologist Erving Goffman had not completely considered in his classic 1963 book Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity.

Photo of Erving Goffman

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